Unique and timely volume as mRNA is a hot area of research making great strides. Covers the full-scale production systems that are needed to develop vaccines as well as elements of data needed to secure the IND approvals. Introduces a commercial-scale manufacturing process using novel techniques like the PCR, in addition to the traditional plasmid DNA. First book that offers commercial technology for developing and large-scale supply of mRNA products. Renowned author and entrepreneur in the field of drug discovery and production.

Because of many misconceptions, the biological drug manufacturing industry does not fully utilize disposable components, despite their wide availability. These misconceptions include concerns for the quality of materials, running costs, scalability, the level of automation possible, and the training of staff needed to include these components in existing bioprocessing systems. Not fully realizing the long-term benefits, many manufacturers are unwilling to discard investments made in fixed equipment and traditional stainless steel systems. Regulatory and environmental concerns, however, will eventually compel manufacturers to adopt disposable systems. Making a strong case for disposables, Disposable Bioprocessing Systems demonstrates the true potential of these systems. Written by a researcher and professor with hands-on experience in designing, establishing, and validating biological manufacturing facilities worldwide, and creating model facilities using maximum disposable technology, this book is the first comprehensive introduction to understanding disposable systems. It gives an overview of the current state of the disposable bioprocessing industry, resolves all controversial issues, and guides readers in choosing disposable components that meet their needs. An important chapter on safety addresses facts and myths about the use of plastics and elastomers-including the issue of leaching-and how to ensure regulatory compliance. Helping readers understand their choices, the book describes the equipment and systems available to prepare the starting materials for the manufacturing of biological drugs-from disposable containers to filters. The author also discusses costs, regulations, and concerns about waste disposal, and shares his predictions for the future of the disposable bioprocessing industry. A practical manual for those interested in the transition to disposable systems, this book will also interest students of bioprocessing. It offers a timely view of disposable bioprocessing technology as a "game changer" that will facilitate developing new drugs and conducting research in the emerging field of stem cells and gene therapy.

Before now, biological systems could only be expressed in terms of linear relationships, however, as knowledge grows and new techniques of analysis on biological systems is made available, we are realizing the non-linearity of these systems. The concepts and techniques of nonlinear analysis allow for more realistic and accurate models in science. The Future of Pharmaceuticals: A Nonlinear Analysis provides an opportunity to understand the non-linearity of biological systems and its application in various areas of science, primarily pharmaceutical sciences. This book will benefit professionals in pharmaceutical industries, academia, and policy who are interested in an entirely new approach to how we will treat disease in the future. Key Features: Addresses a new approach of nonlinear analysis. Applies a theory of projection to chalk out the future, instead of basing on linear evolution. Provides an opportunity to better understand the non-linearity in biological systems and its applications in various areas of science, primarily pharmaceutical sciences. Helps change the thought process for those looking for answers to their questions which they do not find in the linear relationship approach. Encourages a broader perspective for the creative process of drug development.

Before now, biological systems could only be expressed in terms of linear relationships, however, as knowledge grows and new techniques of analysis on biological systems is made available, we are realizing the non-linearity of these systems. The concepts and techniques of nonlinear analysis allow for more realistic and accurate models in science. The Future of Pharmaceuticals: A Nonlinear Analysis provides an opportunity to understand the non-linearity of biological systems and its application in various areas of science, primarily pharmaceutical sciences. This book will benefit professionals in pharmaceutical industries, academia, and policy who are interested in an entirely new approach to how we will treat disease in the future. Key Features: Addresses a new approach of nonlinear analysis. Applies a theory of projection to chalk out the future, instead of basing on linear evolution. Provides an opportunity to better understand the non-linearity in biological systems and its applications in various areas of science, primarily pharmaceutical sciences. Helps change the thought process for those looking for answers to their questions which they do not find in the linear relationship approach. Encourages a broader perspective for the creative process of drug development.

Preformulation studies are the physical, chemical, and biological studies needed to characterize a drug substance for enabling the proper design of a drug product, whereas the effectiveness of a drug product is determined during the formulation studies phase. Though the two disciplines overlap in practice, each is a significantly distinct phase of new drug development. Entirely focused on preformulation principles, this fully revised and updated Handbook of Preformulation: Chemical, Biological, and Botanical Drugs, Second Edition provides detailed descriptions of preformulation methodologies, gives a state-of-the-art description of each technique, and lists the currently available tools useful in providing a comprehensive characterization of a new drug entity. Features: Addresses the preformulation studies of three different types of new active entities - chemical, biological, and botanical, which is the latest established class of active ingredient classified by the FDA Illustrates the activities comprised in preformulation studies and establishes a method of tasking for drug development projects Includes extensive flow charts for characterization decision making Gives extensive theoretical treatment of principles important for testing dissolution, solubility, stability, and solid state characterization Includes over 50% new material

More than 20 billion dollars worth of biopharmaceuticals are scheduled to go off-patent by 2006. Given the strong political impetus and the development of technological tools that can answer the questions regulatory authorities may raise, it is inevitable that the FDA and EMEA will allow biogeneric or biosimilar products. Even with all the regulatory wrinkles yet to be ironed out, generic or similar biological products are soon to become a reality. Handbook of Biogeneric Therapeutic Proteins is the first book to review and analyze the status of biotechnology, regulatory environment, manufacturing methodologies, testing requirements and intellectual property issues. The book provides complete and thorough coverage of the regulatory and technological challenges of developing generic therapeutic proteins and how to prepare detailed regulatory and manufacturing plans and policies. The author includes information on establishing a manufacturing system, securing regulatory approval, and setting up facilities to manufacture raw materials and prepare finished products. He also supplies details about the Chemistry, Manufacturing, and Controls (CMC) section of the FDA's New Drug Application for Biological Products. In brief, the book supplies everything a manufacturer would need to plan the development of biogeneric products and complete the process of regulatory filing. Waiting for the FDA to issue guidelines is a mistake. The scramble to catch up could leave your company way behind in the game. Your organization needs to begin developing and characterizing genetically modified cells now and to complete initial GMP production runs through a CRO to get ready for the newer testing the FDA might impose. Packed with tables and figures that provide speedy access to precise, timely data, including full formulation details on all FDA approved biological product, this book contains a broad range of resource materials about suppliers, manufacturers, and testing faciliti

While liquid drugs do not share the compression problems of solid dosage forms, the filling problems of powder dosage forms, or the consistency problems of semisolid dosage forms, they do have their own set of considerations in the formulation and manufacturing stages. Highlights from Liquid Products, Volume Three include: practical details involved in complying with the current good manufacturing practice requirements in liquid manufacturing access to what an FDA auditor would be looking for during a liquid manufacturing audit issues that may arise during a US FDA inspection the protocols used for stability testing for new drugs and new dosage forms, drawn from the most current ICH guidelines

The average cost of an uncomplicated patent application filing is about $10,000. This high cost can leave thousands of inventors out in the cold. Filing Patents Online: A Professional Guide is a complete manual that walks inventors through each step of filing and prosecuting the patent online at a fraction of the cost. The online filing system recommended in the book allows continuous monitoring of the review status and for a much faster approval than the traditional route. Drawing from the many years of the author's experience as both an inventor and a patent agent, this guide teaches the methods of research, planning, and the art of writing winning claims that will result in commercially valuable patents.

The Handbook of Pharmaceutical Manufacturing Formulations, Third Edition is an authoritative and practical guide to the art and science of formulating drugs for commercial manufacturing. With thoroughly revised and expanded content, this six-volume set compiles data from FDA new drug applications, patent applications, and other sources of generic and proprietary formulations to cover the broad spectrum of GMP formulations and issues in using these formulations in a commercial setting. A must-have collection for pharmaceutical manufacturers, educational institutions, and regulatory authorities, this is an excellent platform for drug companies to benchmark their products and for generic companies to formulate drugs coming off patent.

The Handbook of Pharmaceutical Manufacturing Formulations, Third Edition: Volume Six, Sterile Products is an authoritative and practical guide to the art and science of formulating drugs for commercial manufacturing. With thoroughly revised and expanded content, this sixth volume of a six-volume set, compiles data from FDA and EMA new drug applications, patents and patent applications, and other sources of generic and proprietary formulations including author's own experience, to cover the broad spectrum of cGMP formulations and issues in using these formulations in a commercial setting. A must-have collection for pharmaceutical manufacturers, educational institutions, and regulatory authorities, this is an excellent platform for drug companies to benchmark their products and for generic companies to formulate drugs coming off patent. Features: Largest source of authoritative and practical formulations, cGMP compliance guidance and self-audit suggestions Differs from other publications on formulation science in that it focuses on readily scalable commercial formulations that can be adopted for cGMP manufacturing Tackles common difficulties in formulating drugs and presents details on stability testing, bioequivalence testing, and full compliance with drug product safety elements Written by a well-recognized authority on drug and dosage form development including biological drugs and alternative medicines

Over-the-Counter products comprise a special category of healthcare products. While these formulations have much in common with their prescription counterparts, they are presented in this series separately because of their development approach taken, labeling considerations required, and support available from suppliers of ingredients in designing these products. Highlights from Over-the-Counter Products, Volume Five include: solids, liquids, and suspensions practical advice on how to bring manufacturing practices into compliance with regulatory requirements cGMP considerations in great detail a large number of formulations of coatings of solid dosage forms

Providing methodologies that can serve as a reference point for new formulations, the second volume covers uncompressed solids, which include formulations of powders, capsules, powders ready for reconstitution, and other similar products. Highlights from Uncompressed Solid Products, Volume Two include: the fundamental issues of good manufacturing practices formulations for more than 400 pharmaceutical products, including currently approved products and innovative products such as small proteins, instantly liquifiable powders, and nanoparticles access to US FDA guidelines, as well as all major guidelines around the world identification and inclusion of the most often approved capsules and powders in the US

What's the Deal with Biosimilars? Biosimilars are gaining momentum as new protein therapeutic candidates that can help fill a vital need in the healthcare industry. The biological drugs are produced by recombinant DNA technology that allows for large-scale production and an overall reduction time in costs and development. Part of a two-volume set that covers varying aspects of biosimilars, Biosimilars and Interchangeable Biologics: Strategic Elements explores the strategic planning side of biosimilar drugs and targets issues surrounding biosimilars that are linked to legal matters. This includes principal patents and intellectual property, regulatory pathways, and concerns about affordability on a global scale. It addresses the complexity of biosimilar products, and it discusses the utilization of biosimilars and related biological drugs in expanding world markets. Of specific interest to practitioners, researchers, and scientists in the biopharmaceutical industry, this volume examines the science, technology, finance, legality, ethics, and politics of biosimilar drugs. It considers strategic planning elements that include an overall understanding of the history and the current status of the art and science of biosimilars, and it provides detailed descriptions of the legal, regulatory, and commercial characteristics. The book also presents a global strategy on how to build, take to market, and manage the next generation of biosimilars throughout their life cycle.

Biological drug and vaccine manufacturing has quickly become one of the highest-value fields of bioprocess engineering, and many bioprocess engineers are now finding job opportunities that have traditionally gone to chemical engineers. Fundamentals of Modern Bioprocessing addresses this growing demand. Written by experts well-established in the field, this book connects the principles and applications of bioprocessing engineering to healthcare product manufacturing and expands on areas of opportunity for qualified bioprocess engineers and students. The book is divided into two sections: the first half centers on the engineering fundamentals of bioprocessing; while the second half serves as a handbook offering advice and practical applications. Focused on the fundamental principles at the core of this discipline, this work outlines every facet of design, component selection, and regulatory concerns. It discusses the purpose of bioprocessing (to produce products suitable for human use), describes the manufacturing technologies related to bioprocessing, and explores the rapid expansion of bioprocess engineering applications relevant to health care product manufacturing. It also considers the future of bioprocessing-the use of disposable components (which is the fastest growing area in the field of bioprocessing) to replace traditional stainless steel. In addition, this text: Discusses the many types of genetically modified organisms Outlines laboratory techniques Includes the most recent developments Serves as a reference and contains an extensive bibliography Emphasizes biological manufacturing using recombinant processing, which begins with creating a genetically modified organism using recombinant techniques Fundamentals of Modern Bioprocessing outlines both the principles and applications of bioprocessing engineering related to healthcare product manufacturing. It lays out the basic concepts, definitions, methods and applications of bioprocessing. A single volume comprehensive reference developed to meet the needs of students with a bioprocessing background; it can also be used as a source for professionals in the field.

Summary: The focus of this book is on how the U.S. FDA will approve biosimilar drugs, as learned from recent approvals by the FDA. Understanding the limitations of the statutory limits and non-inferiority testing are presented as tools to obviate patient trials and minimize testing of immunogenicity. An in-depth scientific, mathematical and statistical view of the tools required to establish biosimilarity of biological drugs of different complexity -- a must for every developer of biosimilars. Features: First comprehensive analysis based on new guidelines and approval packages of several biosimilars Presents the first approach to challenge FDA in reducing or eliminating any testing in patients. Provides a comprehensive understanding of the U.S. statutory requirements vis-a-vis the regulatory guidelines Provides model CQA and Analytical Similarity testing protocols for cytokines and monoclonal antibodies Allow creation of a fast-to-market pathway to develop biosimilars

Biological drug and vaccine manufacturing has quickly become one of the highest-value fields of bioprocess engineering, and many bioprocess engineers are now finding job opportunities that have traditionally gone to chemical engineers. Fundamentals of Modern Bioprocessing addresses this growing demand. Written by experts well-established in the field, this book connects the principles and applications of bioprocessing engineering to healthcare product manufacturing and expands on areas of opportunity for qualified bioprocess engineers and students. The book is divided into two sections: the first half centers on the engineering fundamentals of bioprocessing; while the second half serves as a handbook offering advice and practical applications. Focused on the fundamental principles at the core of this discipline, this work outlines every facet of design, component selection, and regulatory concerns. It discusses the purpose of bioprocessing (to produce products suitable for human use), describes the manufacturing technologies related to bioprocessing, and explores the rapid expansion of bioprocess engineering applications relevant to health care product manufacturing. It also considers the future of bioprocessing-the use of disposable components (which is the fastest growing area in the field of bioprocessing) to replace traditional stainless steel. In addition, this text: Discusses the many types of genetically modified organisms Outlines laboratory techniques Includes the most recent developments Serves as a reference and contains an extensive bibliography Emphasizes biological manufacturing using recombinant processing, which begins with creating a genetically modified organism using recombinant techniques Fundamentals of Modern Bioprocessing outlines both the principles and applications of bioprocessing engineering related to healthcare product manufacturing. It lays out the basic concepts, definitions, methods and applications of bioprocessing. A single volume comprehensive reference developed to meet the needs of students with a bioprocessing background; it can also be used as a source for professionals in the field.

Because of many misconceptions, the biological drug manufacturing industry does not fully utilize disposable components, despite their wide availability. These misconceptions include concerns for the quality of materials, running costs, scalability, the level of automation possible, and the training of staff needed to include these components in existing bioprocessing systems. Not fully realizing the long-term benefits, many manufacturers are unwilling to discard investments made in fixed equipment and traditional stainless steel systems. Regulatory and environmental concerns, however, will eventually compel manufacturers to adopt disposable systems. Making a strong case for disposables, Disposable Bioprocessing Systems demonstrates the true potential of these systems. Written by a researcher and professor with hands-on experience in designing, establishing, and validating biological manufacturing facilities worldwide, and creating model facilities using maximum disposable technology, this book is the first comprehensive introduction to understanding disposable systems. It gives an overview of the current state of the disposable bioprocessing industry, resolves all controversial issues, and guides readers in choosing disposable components that meet their needs. An important chapter on safety addresses facts and myths about the use of plastics and elastomers-including the issue of leaching-and how to ensure regulatory compliance. Helping readers understand their choices, the book describes the equipment and systems available to prepare the starting materials for the manufacturing of biological drugs-from disposable containers to filters. The author also discusses costs, regulations, and concerns about waste disposal, and shares his predictions for the future of the disposable bioprocessing industry. A practical manual for those interested in the transition to disposable systems, this book will also interest students of bioprocessing. It offers a timely view of disposable bioprocessing technology as a "game changer" that will facilitate developing new drugs and conducting research in the emerging field of stem cells and gene therapy.

Preformulation studies are the physical, chemical, and biological studies needed to characterize a drug substance for enabling the proper design of a drug product, whereas the effectiveness of a drug product is determined during the formulation studies phase. Though the two disciplines overlap in practice, each is a significantly distinct phase of new drug development. Entirely focused on preformulation principles, this fully revised and updated Handbook of Preformulation: Chemical, Biological, and Botanical Drugs, Second Edition provides detailed descriptions of preformulation methodologies, gives a state-of-the-art description of each technique, and lists the currently available tools useful in providing a comprehensive characterization of a new drug entity. Features: Addresses the preformulation studies of three different types of new active entities - chemical, biological, and botanical, which is the latest established class of active ingredient classified by the FDA Illustrates the activities comprised in preformulation studies and establishes a method of tasking for drug development projects Includes extensive flow charts for characterization decision making Gives extensive theoretical treatment of principles important for testing dissolution, solubility, stability, and solid state characterization Includes over 50% new material

The Handbook of Pharmaceutical Manufacturing Formulations, Third Edition: Volume Four, Semisolid Products is an authoritative and practical guide to the art and science of formulating drugs for commercial manufacturing. With thoroughly revised and expanded content, this fourth volume of a six-volume set, compiles data from FDA and EMA new drug applications, patents and patent applications, and other sources of generic and proprietary formulations including author's own experience, to cover the broad spectrum of cGMP formulations and issues in using these formulations in a commercial setting. A must-have collection for pharmaceutical manufacturers, educational institutions, and regulatory authorities, this is an excellent platform for drug companies to benchmark their products and for generic companies to formulate drugs coming off patent. Features: Largest source of authoritative and practical formulations, cGMP compliance guidance and self-audit suggestions Differs from other publications on formulation science in that it focuses on readily scalable commercial formulations that can be adopted for cGMP manufacturing Tackles common difficulties in formulating drugs and presents details on stability testing, bioequivalence testing, and full compliance with drug product safety elements Written by a well-recognized authority on drug and dosage form development including biological drugs and alternative medicines

The Handbook of Pharmaceutical Manufacturing Formulations, Third Edition: Volume Five, Over-the-Counter Products is an authoritative and practical guide to the art and science of formulating drugs for commercial manufacturing. With thoroughly revised and expanded content, this fifth volume of a six-volume set, compiles data from FDA and EMA new drug applications, patents and patent applications, and other sources of generic and proprietary formulations including author's own experience, to cover the broad spectrum of cGMP formulations and issues in using these formulations in a commercial setting. A must-have collection for pharmaceutical manufacturers, educational institutions, and regulatory authorities, this is an excellent platform for drug companies to benchmark their products and for generic companies to formulate drugs coming off patent. Features: Largest source of authoritative and practical formulations, cGMP compliance guidance and self-audit suggestions Differs from other publications on formulation science in that it focuses on readily scalable commercial formulations that can be adopted for cGMP manufacturing Tackles common difficulties in formulating drugs and presents details on stability testing, bioequivalence testing, and full compliance with drug product safety elements Written by a well-recognized authority on drug and dosage form development including biological drugs and alternative medicines

The Handbook of Pharmaceutical Manufacturing Formulations, Third Edition: Volume Three, Liquid Products is an authoritative and practical guide to the art and science of formulating drugs for commercial manufacturing. With thoroughly revised and expanded content, this third volume of a six-volume set, compiles data from FDA and EMA new drug applications, patents and patent applications, and other sources of generic and proprietary formulations including author's own experience, to cover the broad spectrum of cGMP formulations and issues in using these formulations in a commercial setting. A must-have collection for pharmaceutical manufacturers, educational institutions, and regulatory authorities, this is an excellent platform for drug companies to benchmark their products and for generic companies to formulate drugs coming off patent. Features: Largest source of authoritative and practical formulations, cGMP compliance guidance and self-audit suggestions Differs from other publications on formulation science in that it focuses on readily scalable commercial formulations that can be adopted for cGMP manufacturing Tackles common difficulties in formulating drugs and presents details on stability testing, bioequivalence testing, and full compliance with drug product safety elements Written by a well-recognized authority on drug and dosage form development including biological drugs and alternative medicines

The Handbook of Pharmaceutical Manufacturing Formulations, Third Edition: Volume One, Compressed Solid Products is an authoritative and practical guide to the art and science of formulating drugs for commercial manufacturing. With thoroughly revised and expanded content, this first volume of a six-volume set, compiles data from FDA new drug applications, patent applications, and other sources of generic and proprietary formulations to cover the broad spectrum of GMP formulations and issues in using these formulations in a commercial setting. A must-have collection for pharmaceutical manufacturers, educational institutions, and regulatory authorities, this is an excellent platform for drug companies to benchmark their products and for generic companies to formulate drugs coming off patent.

The Handbook of Pharmaceutical Manufacturing Formulations, Third Edition: Volume Two, Uncompressed Solid Products is an authoritative and practical guide to the art and science of formulating drugs for commercial manufacturing. With thoroughly revised and expanded content, this second volume of a six-volume set, compiles data from FDA and EMA new drug applications, patents and patent applications, and other sources of generic and proprietary formulations including author's own experience, to cover the broad spectrum of cGMP formulations and issues in using these formulations in a commercial setting. A must-have collection for pharmaceutical manufacturers, educational institutions, and regulatory authorities, this is an excellent platform for drug companies to benchmark their products and for generic companies to formulate drugs coming off patent. Features: Largest source of authoritative and practical formulations, cGMP compliance guidance and self-audit suggestions Differs from other publications on formulation science in that it focuses on readily scalable commercial formulations that can be adopted for cGMP manufacturing Tackles common difficulties in formulating drugs and presents details on stability testing, bioequivalence testing, and full compliance with drug product safety elements Written by a well-recognized authority on drug and dosage form development including biological drugs and alternative medicines

What's the Deal with Biosimilars? Biosimilars are gaining momentum as new protein therapeutic candidates that can help fill a vital need in the healthcare industry. The biological drugs are produced by recombinant DNA technology that allows for large-scale production and an overall reduction time in costs and development. Biosimilars and Interchangeable Biologics: From Cell Line to Commercial Launch covers the strategic and tactical elements of biosimilars in two volumes. The first volume, Biosimilars and Interchangeable Biologics: Strategic Elements, explores the strategic planning side of biosimilar drugs and targets issues surrounding biosimilars that are linked to legal matters. This includes principal patents and intellectual property, regulatory pathways, and concerns about affordability on a global scale. It addresses the complexity of biosimilar products, and it discusses the utilization of biosimilars and related biological drugs in expanding world markets. This volume also examines the science, technology, finance, legality, ethics, and politics of biosimilar drugs. It considers strategic planning elements that include an overall understanding of the history and the current status of the art and science of biosimilars, and it provides detailed descriptions of the legal, regulatory, and commercial characteristics. The book presents a global strategy on how to build, take to market, and manage the next generation of biosimilars throughout their life cycle. The second volume, Biosimilars and Interchangeable Biologics: Tactical Elements, explores the development and manufacturing of biosimilars and targets challenges surrounding the creation of these products. This includes manufacturing, production costs, and intellectual property barriers, particularly in regulated markets (regulatory agencies are still in the process of developing guidelines). It addresses the complexity of biological drugs, and it discusses specific structural elements vital to the functionality, immunogenicity, and safety of biosimilar products. This volume also provides an overall understanding of the hurdles, difficulties, and practicalities of developing a strong plan. It introduces a step-by-step approach for creating a strategy that helps develop and manufacture a biosimilar product while reducing overall production costs and meeting the requirements of biosimilarity based on analytical and functional, pharmacokinetic, pharmacodynamic (where applicable), and nonclinical toxicology or toxicokinetic similarity (where appropriate) while remaining competitive in the market. Thus, Biosimilars and Interchangeable Biologics: From Cell Line to Commercial Launch, Two-Volume Set supplies practitioners, researchers, and scientists in the biopharmaceutical industry with a valuable resource for practical information at all stages of the biosimilar product process.

What's the Deal with Biosimilars? Biosimilars are gaining momentum as new protein therapeutic candidates that can help fill a vital need in the healthcare industry. The biological drugs are produced by recombinant DNA technology that allows for large-scale production and an overall reduction time in costs and development. Part of a two-volume set that covers varying aspects of biosimilars, Biosimilars and Interchangeable Biologics: Tactical Elements explores the development and manufacturing of biosimilars and targets challenges surrounding the creation of these products. This includes manufacturing, production costs, and intellectual property barriers, particularly in regulated markets (regulatory agencies are still in the process of developing guidelines). It addresses the complexity of biological drugs, and it discusses specific structural elements vital to the functionality, immunogenicity, and safety of biosimilar products. Of specific interest to practitioners, researchers, and scientists in the biopharmaceutical industry, this volume provides an overall understanding of the hurdles, difficulties, and practicalities of developing a strong plan. It introduces a step-by-step approach for creating a strategy that helps develop and manufacture a biosimilar product while reducing overall production costs and meeting the requirements of biosimilarity based on analytical and functional, pharmacokinetic, pharmacodynamic (where applicable), and nonclinical toxicology or toxicokinetic similarity (where appropriate) while remaining competitive in the market.